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What barriers do people face?
Your research will have given you insights into your local community and the groups who are underrepresented in aquatics and recreation.
Understanding why these groups are underrepresented will help you to design effective inclusion strategies. Your exploration of your community may have already highlighted some barriers to participation. Online resources can also assist you.
Stay up-to-date
Consider subscribing to newsletters and mailing lists that relate to inclusion topics. This will help you to stay up-to-date with new information, and you might hear about relevant events and networking opportunities.
Explore published evidenceBecause much Australian research focuses on organised sport rather than active recreation, many online resources focus on sport. They can still provide useful insights for the recreation sector. The following lists provide suggestions for where to find research and resources about participation and inclusion in physical activity. Our lists are not intended to cover all potentially underrepresented groups, or to provide a comprehensive list of all research sources. |
General resources regarding participation in sport and physical activity
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport is a collaboration between a number of sport and active recreation agencies, led by Sport Australia. The website’s Sport Participation in Australia page provides information about sport and recreation participation trends, factors influencing participation, and participation initiatives. Clearinghouse for Sport also provides links to a collection of sport and sport science-related literature research databases. This includes access to electronic journal titles. (You will need to register and login to access this research journals page.) |
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Sport Australia AusPlay survey |
Sport Australia leads the AusPlay survey. This survey tracks Australian sport and physical activity participation, and data reports are provided each April and October. The Clearinghouse for Sport website provides insights from survey results and links to survey data. |
VicHealth | Based on research regarding attitudes and barriers to physical activity, the Physical activity across life stages page provides insights into activity in five ‘life stages’: youth, young adults, parents, adults without children, and retirees. |
Australian Bureau of Statistics | According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the 2011-13 Australian Health Survey is the largest and most comprehensive health survey ever conducted in Australia. The ABS website discusses physical activity results from the survey. |
Sport and Recreation Spatial | Sport and Recreation Spatial is a collaboration between Federation University and Victoria University. Its website provides links to research regarding a range of relevant themes, including participation levels, trends, and influences on participation. |
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare provides information about physical activity and related topics. The Institute’s Insufficient physical activity web report discusses Australia’s Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines, and the numbers of Australians meeting these guidelines. |
Google Scholar | Google Scholar features research from around the world. You can guide your search to a specific topic and location (for example ‘learn to swim, autism, Australia’), and you may uncover new information not yet available in research clearinghouses. |
General resources regarding diversity and inclusion
Vicsport | Vicsport’s Welcoming Sport hub provides guidance for sporting organisations that are seeking to improve inclusion. The website provides information about a range of relevant topics, focussing on a number of underrepresented groups. |
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Play by the Rules |
Play by the Rules provides a range of inclusion and diversity related resources. The website is a collaboration between Sport Integrity Australia, Sport Australia, Australian Human Rights Commission, all state and territory departments of sport and recreation, all state and territory anti-discrimination and human rights agencies, the Office of the Children's Guardian (NSW) and the Anti-Discrimination Board of NSW. |
Australian Human Rights Commission | The Australian Human Rights Commission provides resources to help organisations implement diversity and inclusion initiatives. Its website also provides information about anti-discrimination laws. |
Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission | The Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission provides tools to help organisations meet their obligations under the Equal Opportunity Act 2010. |
Diversity Council Australia |
In partnership with other organisations, Diversity Council Australia (DCA) undertakes research regarding a broad range of inclusion issues in Australia. DCA’s work focuses on diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Its work provides useful insights into diversity areas including age, caring responsibilities, cultural and religious diversity, disability, First Nations people and LGBTIQA+ communities. You can find information about DCA’s research on the DCA website. (Much DCA material is restricted to members.) |
Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities
Clearinghouse for Sport | The Clearinghouse for Sport website discusses factors influencing sport participation. This includes a discussion of cultural factors, and links to resources and research. |
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Vicsport |
Vicsport provides guidance for sporting organisations that are seeking to improve inclusion. The Vicsport website provides information about how sporting organisations can be inclusive of CALD communities, grouped into the topics of: |
Centre for Multicultural Youth |
The Centre for Multicultural Youth provides strategies for working with young people from CALD communities. The organisation has created the Game Plan Resource Kit to help sporting organisations to be more inclusive. |
First Nations people
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport provides links to research and resources regarding physical activity by Indigenous Australians. This includes information about barriers to participation and factors that may have a positive impact on participation. |
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Vicsport |
Vicsport provides guidance for sporting organisations that are seeking to improve inclusion. The Vicsport website provides information about how sporting organisations can be inclusive of Aboriginal people, grouped into the topics of: |
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework |
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare website includes an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework. The site discusses determinants of health, including physical activity. |
LGBTIQA+ communities
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Pride in Sport aims to promote inclusion in sport of employees, players, volunteers and spectators with diverse genders and sexualities. Its website provides resources regarding LGBTQ+ inclusion in sport, including links to resources from a range of other organisations. |
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Vicsport |
Proud 2 Play is an organisation focused on increasing LGBTIQ+ engagement in sport, exercise and active recreation. The Proud 2 Play website provides information about research regarding LGBTIQ+ inclusion in sport. It also provides links to some research reports. |
Come Out to Play |
The Come Out to Play report was funded by Victoria University, VicHealth and the Asia Pacific Outgames Legacy Fund. According to VicHealth, it was the first comprehensive survey of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender sport experiences in Australia. |
Older people
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport provides links to research and resources regarding physical activity by older Australians. This material will provide you with information about barriers to participation, and strategies for engaging with older people. |
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Victorian Active Ageing Partnership |
Managed by Musculoskeletal Australia (MSK), the Victorian Active Ageing Partnership aimed to increase opportunities for participation in physical activity for older Victorians. One part of the project was to review literature relating to factors influencing participation in physical activity by older people. The project produced a literature synthesis report. The MSK website provides further information about the project, including short films that outline strategies for engaging underrepresented groups of older adults in physical activity. |
People with disability
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport provides links to research and resources regarding physical activity by people with disability. This includes a range of material regarding participation and barriers, inclusion tools, and case studies regarding strategies in sport organisations. |
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Victorian Active Ageing Partnership |
Vicsport provides guidance for sporting organisations that are seeking to improve inclusion. The Vicsport website provides information about how sporting organisations can be inclusive of people with disability, grouped into the topics of: |
The Disability Resource |
The Disability Resource was designed for people who facilitate sport and active recreation experiences. It aims to increase understanding of working for people with disability. The website provides information about disabilities, ideas for programming and fostering participation, and management guides. |
Socio-economic disadvantage
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport discusses factors influencing sport participation. This includes a discussion of socio-economic factors, and links to resources and research. |
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Women and girls
Clearinghouse for Sport |
Clearinghouse for Sport provides information about sport and physical activity for women and girls, including factors influencing participation. The site includes links to research and resources. |
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Victorian Inquiry into Women and Girls in Sport and Active Recreation: A Five Year Game Plan for Victoria |
The 2015 Victorian Inquiry into Women and Girls in Sport and Active Recreation provides recommendations about practical actions that the sport and active recreation sector could adopt to enhance participation by women and girls. It also provides a useful summary of key barriers to participation. |
Change Our Game |
The Change Our Game initiative was launched after the Victorian Inquiry into Women and Girls in Sport and Active Recreation. It aims to encourage the sport and recreation sector to challenge gender stereotypes and help women and girls become leaders. The Change Our Game website provides information about gender equality strategies and Victorian inclusion programs. |
Vicsport |
Vicsport provides guidance for sporting organisations that are seeking to improve inclusion. The Vicsport website provides information about how sporting organisations can be inclusive of women and girls, grouped into the topics of: |
Victoria University |
Victoria University maintains a list of research articles, industry announcements and industry reports about women in sport. This page is updated every three months. |
VicHealth |
This VicHealth page provides a short summary of research regarding female participation in sport and physical activity. |
Case studies
Moreland City Council owns leisure and recreation centres that are operated by YMCA Victoria under the name ‘Active Moreland’. The City of Moreland and Active Moreland celebrate the benefits migrant and refugee communities bring to Moreland, while acknowledging the challenges that asylum seekers face when settling in a new community.
The Moreland City Council team recognised that asylum seekers in Moreland can face a significant financial barrier to accessing their facilities. Many asylum seekers in the community either cannot work or have limited opportunities of employment and financial support. This financial barrier has led to asylum seekers in Moreland missing out on access to aquatic and leisure facilities, which play an important role in mental and physical wellbeing, as well as facilitating social integration into the community.
To address this barrier, Moreland City Council introduced an asylum seeker membership category. Unemployed asylum seekers who reside, study or access services in the City of Moreland may be eligible for this category of membership, which provides free access to an Active Moreland venue for three to six months, in addition to free access to swimming lessons for children.
Belgravia Foundation’s ‘All In!’ program aims to build swim teachers’ confidence and capacity to welcome, support and include people with disability and of diversity into aquatic experiences.
Belgravia Foundation recognised that staff are the key enabler for inclusion in aquatics, a fact confirmed by research. Conversely, when staff lack skills and confidence, this can present a barrier to participation. For example, people with disability might be discouraged from swimming if they interact with staff who have limited understanding of disability, who express negative perceptions, or who make unhelpful assumptions about their interests or abilities. Building the confidence and capacity of swim teachers is therefore an important task.
With this in mind, Belgravia Foundation developed a capacity-building program in partnership with Belgravia Leisure and Swimming Australia. In 2021, the organisations undertook a proof-of-concept field trial at a number of Belgravia Leisure venues.
Research had provided insights into the training needs of aquatic staff, and challenges related to traditional methods of training. The trial included online training modules from Special Olympics Australia, Royal Life Saving Australia, and on-site support through mentoring. Results of the trial revealed substantial improvements in swim teachers’ confidence and feelings of capacity to welcome, support and include people with a disability into learn to swim classes and other aquatic experiences, and likewise but moderate improvements related to people of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.